Analytical Assessment Of On Moralistic Therapeutic Deism

For Dr. Black Honors Spiritual Formation BIA Analytical Assessment of on â€Å"Moralistic Therapeutic Deism† as U.S. Teenagers Actual, Tacit, De Facto Religious Faith By Sydney Narloch Abstract: The Moralistic Therapeutic Deism is a religion invisibly growing amongst U.S. teenagers. It is an interfaith religion which is has been developed on a book by Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton called Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers. The article on â€Å"Moralistic Therapeutic Deism† as U.S. Teenagers Actual, Tacit, De Facto Religious Faith ... Moralistic Therapeutic Deism is a combination of a variety of trains of thought and can be conclusive of many religions. It is found mainly amongst U.S. teenagers as there is a large adolescent inarticulacy regarding religion. This inarticulacy is demonstrated through a few main views of this religion which include God creating the world which he watches over, only becoming involved when he is needed by the people living in it who were created to be good and when they are, allowing them into heaven. These people have life goals of feeling both good and happy about themselves. This train of thoughts is popular among mainline Protestant and Catholic youth and it also can be traced through black and conservative Jews, Protestants, other religions and even non religious groups. The central idea of this religion is living a happy and good life along with being a morally good person. The

The Rural Development Institute ( Rdi ) - 912 Words

The Rural Development Institute (RDI) was first conceived in 1966 when an article about Pacific land reform was brought to the attention of Roy Prosterman by one of his students. The article argued that an effective way for land reform to happen in Latin America was through confiscation and redistribution. Prosterman disagreed with the approach and wrote a rebuttal to the article emphasizing democratic markets and stating that compensation must be given during the process of acquisition (Prosterman, 1966). The article was noticed by the US government and Prosterman was soon called before congress and offered a chance to prove his theory; he would be able to test the merits of his ideas in war-torn Vietnam. Roy’s goal was to give locals the tools required to become self-dependant farmers who could support their families and would therefore be less likely to join the fighting as part of the Viet Cong. From 1970 to 1973, Roy and his new found organization were able to provide ove r 1 million citizens with plots of land and drastically reduce Viet Cong recruitment in the region (Prosterman, 1970). The lessons taken from his time in Vietnam have allowed Prosterman and the RDI to begin fighting the root causes of poverty and inequality in the poorest parts of India, China, and Sub-Saharan Africa. An intervention from the organization typically consists of 4 key elements. First, field research is conducted in areas that stand to benefit from interventions that target land laws andShow MoreRelatedA Study On Nutritional Status Of Rural Adolescent Girls1544 Words   |  7 PagesA Study on Nutritional Status of Rural Adolescent Girls of Mangrop, Bhilwara District Nutritional status of Adolescent girls Vishakha Sharma1 and Vishakha Singh2 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture Technology, Udaipur 313001 Rajasthan (India) E-mail- sharmavishakha19@gmail.com, vishakhasingh@yahoo.com KEYWORDS Body mass index, Dietary intake, Food Groups, Malnutrition, Nutrient Intake. ABSTRACT The present study was conducted with

Case Study †Dissociative Identity Disorder Free Essays

string(90) " hospital reports and statements taken from both her mother and sister confirm otherwise\." Sherry has recently been given the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder or formally known as multiple personality disorder. She has had multiple hospitalizations over the last several years, and has been given multiple different diagnoses ranging from schizophrenia (disorganized type), bipolar disorder, major depression, and borderline personality disorder. She has been placed on several different types of medications at the time of these hospitalizations depending on the diagnosis, ranging from lithium to a variety of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs, such as Thorazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study – Dissociative Identity Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon reviewing her case further I feel that the most probable diagnosis would be the one of dissociative identity disorder, she exhibits many of the key indicators of this disorder outlined in the DSM-IV-TR. Which is the presence of two or more identities, who take control over the persons behavior along with unexplainable periods of black out that can range from several hours to months of her life; these periods go beyond any ordinary type of forgetfulness. During one of her most recent hospitalizations Sherry became severely distressed and violent, demanding to know who has rearranged the hospital and the grounds, and kept asking to see people who did not exist, both other patients and staff members; she then became verbally and physically abusive towards the staff, shouting obscenities at them and swinging her firsts around as they made attempts to calm her. In the past, Sherry has made various attempts at suicide during these periods of black out, such as cutting her wrists and taking an overdose of tranquilizers, sometimes doing both. Sherry maintains a relationship with her mother and twin sister, she also was in a relationship for a period of time but they broke up after some time. For most of Sherry’s life growing up both her mother and father were physically abusive towards her and her sister. After her parents divorced and her mother remarried her stepfather also became physically abusive towards her and her sister. According to the DSM-IV-TR’s description of dissociative identity disorder I feel that her abusive childhood may be a contributing factor as to why Sherry developed this disorder. Although these attempts have ceased for the time being, and presently I feel that she is not a threat to herself or others I cannot confidently say that if another trauma occurs that she will remain as not being a threat to herself or others. Axis 2: Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation: At this present Sherry does not present any indications of a mental retardation or a personality disorder. Axis 3: General Medical Disorders: Currently with the present state Sherry is in I feel that there isn’t any underlying medical conditions which she is suffering from, I would recommend a physical and getting blood work done just as a confirmation that there is no underlying medical conditions that we are not currently aware of. With her sexual history I would recommend getting a sexual health scan done just to be positive that she does not have any sort of sexually transmitted disease specially because of the fact that she had been raped before and also because the statements she has made before of having woken up in strangers bed after having unprotected sex with them. Although I am sure that she received testing done after she was brought to the hospital after she was raped I would recommend these tests just as a precaution. With Sherry’s history of self-mutilation and overdosing the blood work and other tests performed would be checking to make sure that her internal organs were not harmed during any of these suicide attempts and that she is in good physical health. Sherry has also suffered from anxiety for most of her life due to her painful and abusive childhood. Also I would need to review the previous medications Sherry was given while she was receiving treatment for the various disorders doctors thought she was suffering from. Axis 4: Psychological and Environmental Problems: Sherry is a forty- eight year old woman who works as a nurse’s aid, she is currently single although has maintained relationships in the past. She is currently in known contact with her twin sister and her mother. When Sherry was a child she was physically abused and neglected by her mother, there are accounts of Sherry’s mother having broken Sherry’s tooth and also having bloodied her nose before she turned four. Another account of abuse is from a hospital report stating that Sherry received second-degree burns on her chest due to her mother throwing a pot of boiling water at her in a fit of rage. Later Sherry’s parents when Sherry’s parents divorced and her mother remarried her stepfather then became physically abusive towards the girls, often beating them with a board studded with nails as the primary form of punishment. After a couple of years Sherry and her sister were then sent to move in with their father who also was abusive towards them during his alcoholic binges, when he would beat the girls with a belt buckle. After the girls were taken away from their father and placed in the care of their mother, she sent them away to live at boarding school. Sherry was a mediocre student and felt she had no hope of getting into a good college so upon graduating she joined the Army, where for the first time in her life she was separated from her sister. It was not until this point into that Sherry began exhibiting strange behavior and began to show signs of dissociating herself from her painful and abusive past. She would state that all of the abuse she received as a child had never actually happened to her and in turn happened to her sister, an example of this dissociation would be when Sherry claimed that her mother had never thrown the boiling water on her but on her sister instead but hospital reports and statements taken from both her mother and sister confirm otherwise. You read "Case Study – Dissociative Identity Disorder" in category "Free Case study samples" During her time in the Army where she was training as a nurse, Sherry began to notice that there were long periods of time when she was unable to recall anything that happened during that time. During these amnesic episodes is when Sherry would make these suicidal threats, such as cutting or overdosing on tranquilizers and when Sherry would be overly promiscuous with either male soldiers on the base or with random men she would pick up in bars . This is when doctors first began treating her for a mental disorder; she was given a psychiatric discharge from the Army and began receiving treatment for schizophrenia (disorganized type). Over the next fifteen years is when the majority of Sherry’s multiple hospitalizations took place and where she was treated for the different disorders the doctors felt she was suffering from. After discovering she had a high capacity of dissociation, was it discovered that she was probably suffering from dissociative disorder. She began receiving hypnosis treatment which uncovered â€Å"Karla†; I feel that this was important for Sherry’s recovery. This enabled the therapist she was working with at that time to begin to help her intertwine her personality with the personality of Karla. An important aspect in Sherry’s recovery would be to understand why and how these dissociations first began. Helping Sherry to come to terms with her raumatic experiences throughout her childhood are difficult for both the patient and the therapist because rushing Sherry to face these difficult and traumatic memories could make these dissociations even worse but allowing Sherry to continue to repress these memories could perpetuate the need for the dissociations in the future. Because of Sherry’s mother constant manipulation and neglect caused Sherry to feel guilt and obligation to her mother. Although Sherry feels resent for her how her mother treated her and her sister throughout their childhood she has an undeniable dependency on her mother. A former therapist told Sherry that it would be beneficial to her recovery if she were able to confront her mother about these things; but because of how damaged Sherry’s self-esteem is she instead repressed these feelings towards her mother. Since Sherry repressed these feelings towards her mother and was unable to confront her about it directly, she began to criticize herself for being so weak and dependent on her mother causing her repressed feelings about the situation to come out in different ways such as the personality of â€Å"Karla† and through self-mutilation. When the therapist Sherry was working with at the time urged her to confront her mother about these things it caused Sherry to enter a severe state of depression. After this episode Sherry was placed on antidepressant medication which she responded well to and then began functioning better which helped her in her recovery. After this episode and treatment, Sherry’s therapist decided that a good way to help her recovery would be to begin attending joint-therapy sessions with her mother, her sister, and then at a later time her boyfriend. In these sessions, Sherry’s therapist helped her find ways of being more assertive when reacting to the different interpersonal demands of these people. After Sherry was released from the hospital Sherry began attending weekly psychotherapy as an outpatient. After about three years, both personalities became recognized with each other and it was at this time that she began a relationship with her boyfriend. Her treatment as an outpatient required frequent office visits and interventions when necessary, this continued for another 2 years. During this time, Sherry broke up with her boyfriend causing her to enter into a severe depressive episode, however during this period she made no attempts at serious suicide attempts and remained treatment as an outpatient. About three years after her treatment as an outpatient ended Sherry was raped. As previously stated Sherry was in a state of blackout when the rape occurred, and had no recollection of the event until she was taken to a hospital in a confused and agitated state. Through therapy she was able to recall the events of her rape and was able to realize that what happened was not her fault. She was released from the hospital after two days and for the next two years has received supportive psychotherapy on and off at her own request. Although the event of Sherry’s rape is a traumatic and horrible experience, I believe that it was very helpful in getting a view of where she was in her recovery. Although what happened what indeed a setback, the way Sherry handled the situation and was only hospitalized for a couple of days shows great progress on her behalf; although I feel that she is highly vulnerable to future dissociations especially when her mother passes away, and potentially in other highly stressful situations where financial or sexual exploitation could be a factor. Axis 5: Global Assessment of Functioning: 51 I would rate Sherry as having a GAF score of 51 because although she has made great progress in her road to recovery and that she is able to maintain a job and relationships in her life. I think that when her symptoms are present and she enters into a dissociative or severe depressive state her life is greatly affected. This is especially prominent with her history of frequent hospitalizations, suicide attempts, and self-mutilation. I think that when her symptoms are present she could be rated at falling even lower on the GAF scale but currently I would say that her symptoms are only moderate and not serve enough to greatly affect her daily life. Treatment Plan: The treatment plan I would suggest for Sherry would be continuing for her to take her medication and to continue to receive therapy. While reviewing her history I noticed that many of the psychological breakthroughs happened during hypnosis, I feel that she should continue to receive this style of treatment because it seems to help her recall the periods of time when she was in a state of black out; but I do not think that this should be the primary type of treatment for Sherry. I think that a better type of treatment for Sherry would be the psychotherapy along with the joint therapy sessions with her mother and sister. I think that by continuing these weekly sessions it would be vital in helping Sherry to overcome the feelings of guilt and anger towards her mother. By having both Sherry and her mother attend these joint-sessions, I feel it will be helpful because it will allow Sherry to become more open and honest with her mother and potentially strengthen their damaged relationship. I think that this element of Sherry’s treatment would be helpful because it would diminish some of the controlling aspect of her relationship with her mother, so when her mother eventually passes away it may make Sherry better able to deal with the separation easier. Prognosis: I think that in Sherry’s case although she has made tremendous progress in recovering from a traumatic childhood and overcoming the dissociations caused by these traumatic events she is still highly susceptible to future dissociations and severely depressive episodes. I think that it will take a lot of treatment and therapy in order for Sherry to have a full recovery although I cannot fully say that I believe a full recovery is possible. I think that if she continues progressing like she is and does not have any future setbacks the probability of her recovery is much greater but as of now I cannot say for certain that she will ever be able to overcome all of the traumas she has faced throughout her life. I think her outcome though is mostly positive for how she is progressing at the present. I think once her mother passes away she will fall into a severe depressive state but I think if she is able to overcome that then she will be able to progress even further in her recovery because I feel that while her mother is still alive and present in her life she still holds onto the guilt for being so dependent on her mother when she is so controlling and manipulating. How to cite Case Study – Dissociative Identity Disorder, Free Case study samples

Brief Description Experience Presentation †Myassignmentrhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Brief Description Experience Presentation? Answer: Introducation I had undertaken my presentation report on the topic Network and Information Security Technologies. While conducting my course study, I had done the work in group and gained knowledge to plan an effective presentation. Before started to work for this presentation, I was not familiar with the amount of work and effort that would require to provide to complete the work my due assignment date. I had set an objective behind preparing the report. I had done a lot of research analysis on selected topic to explain my knowledge in my report. I had provided a brief description of the topic, provide an overview and investigate the problem. Contribution to experience I had found that most important is the structure of the presentation. In my assessment requirement file, I had provided with the structure, therefore it became easier for me to give the perfect structure to my report. After the structure, search for key information and data related to selected topic is also important. I have some knowledge on network and information security technologies used to secure the network used by the users to share and store of data on the network server. I had defined the key terms which is used to search information such as information, network security, and network technologies. I had presented my own ideas on the selected topic and discussed the research relevant to the objectives of report. I had gathered required information and analyzed that information. I had examined the research issues from global and local perspective. Learning from the experience I had found that before preparing any report presentation on a topic, one must have an interest as well as knowledge on the topic. Delivery of the presentation report is also important for getting high marks. I had learnt that before writing a report, it is required to construct model-what, so what and now what. It is necessary to draw relationship between theoretical understanding and key aspects of observation. Handling of experience differently I have an analysis experience. I had made sure if the selected topic is good and if I can able to find sufficient information on it. In my experience, contraction between reality as well as expectations is described. Finally, conclusion and recommendations were provided in the report to conclude what actually the topic is stated, summary of the entire research report and suggestions for future research. I had explained the significance of my findings to address the problems and limitations. Positives and negatives of presentation The positive aspect of my presentation is that it builds up images to aid an understanding of the concepts. It draws attention to define the key terms. By proper analysis and observation, I had assessed my degree of comprehension on preparing the report. The negative aspect is that the report does not provide the reader with an opportunity to ask questions and provide of feedback. It is not an interactive report; therefore there are chances of misunderstanding. References Bruno, A. DellAversana, G. (2017). Reflective practicum in higher education: the influence of the learning environment on the quality of learning.Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, pp.1-14. Dos, B. Demir, S. (2013). The analysis of the blogs created in a blended course through the reflective thinking perspective.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,13(2), pp.1335-1344. Farrell, T.S. (2015).Reflective language teaching: From research to practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. Fullana, J., Pallisera, M., Colomer, J., Fernndez Pea, R. Prez-Burriel, M. (2016). Reflective learning in higher education: a qualitative study on students perceptions.Studies in Higher Education,41(6), pp.1008-1022.

Book Review the Protector free essay sample

The Protector is about a firefighter named Jack OMalley, and his family of seven people orphaned as teens who basically adopted each other and who all changed there sir name to OMalley. Jack OMalley is a firefighter who has seen so many wrecks and fires he has lost count, but the arsonist who is treading on he, and his fellow firefighters lives, he knows his task at hand, to stop the arsonist in its tracks before he ends up killing one of his own. Cole, the arson investigator is worried, but wont admit that to anyone, but with the arson’s escalating, he has an uneasy feeling of what the future holds. The arsonist is leaving signs, murals painted on the walls with the words murderer, and killer, and popcorn at every scene. When Cassie, a firefighter who took a break from her job after being severely burned at a nursing home fire that had been ruled as the first arson fire, witnesses the arsonist in the act, she is put in danger and its Jack and Coles job to protect her. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review: the Protector or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After Cassie sees the arsonist, she decides she has to go back to work, and she has to help in anyway she can to catch this arsonist, starting with trying to figure out who she had seen, knowing she had seen him before. I think that the author, Dee Henderson, wrote this book very well. Henderson has an amazing way of showing the emotion f the characters she is portraying on her writings. I feel as though Henderson has a way of writing that warms your heart, making it seem like you are in the book too, or as though you are watching the story unfold around you. The new year is eighteen minutes away. Come kiss me awake in seventeen minutes. She blinked at that lazy suggestion, gave a quick grin, and dropped Benji on his chest. He opened one eye to look up at her as he settled his hand lightly on the kitten. Thats a no? She smiled. She was looking forward to dating him, but she was smart enough to know hed value more what he had to work at. For example when reading the above excerpt from the book, she writes it so hate you can mentally visualize Cassie sitting with Benji, her cat, on her chest and Jack asking her to kiss him awake for new years. You can really feel what Cassie is saying when she says that she was looking forward to dating Jack, but is making him work for it so he will value it more. I feel as though this book is an overall good read, it shows traces of how God is working in each of the main characters lives and how he is present in there hearts, but it is not in your face about God. The book was definitely a page turner, it took me about a day to read the 333 page book, I was hooked from about the third chapter and just could not put it down until I was finished. I think that this book would be a great book for young adults to read, the book is a really interesting book, and I would recommend any christian no matter where in there walk with God, to read this inspiring book about Jack OMalley, the main character in this book, and his family of seven orphaned and abandoned teens who became a family, and changed there sir to OMalley .

Bridge to Teribithia Essays

Bridge to Teribithia Essays Bridge to Teribithia Essay Bridge to Teribithia Essay Essay Topic: Push Precious Bridge to Terabithia In most novels involving children, the endings are clear-cut happy endings with the children learning a valuable life lesson in the process of their adventures. An exception to this is Katherine Paterson’s Bridge to Terabithia. Though the valuable life lesson is still present in the story, its acquisition comes at a terrible price, effectively breaking the myth that life will always work out happily. Katherine Paterson is said to have written this novel based on something that happened in her life. She wrote the book because her and her son knew someone who died at a young age. Her name was Lisa Hill. She was walking home from school and then lightning hit her and she died. She later wrote a book not only because of Lisa, but also to make sense of a tragedy that doesnt make sense. She dealt with the fact of having a close friend die at such a young age. She changed Lisa into Leslie and her son into Jess. Jess and Leslie lived in a rural area outside of Washington. They lived in the early 70s, which was when Lisa died. Bridge to Terabithia is about two kids who battle their make-believe world and the real world. Jess and Leslie meet when Leslie moves into the house next to his. Then they meet again when they both race in the 5th grade race. When they got off the bus one day, Leslie thought that maybe they could make up their own world and keep it only for themselves. They find a rope and Leslie said that the only way they could enter their world is if they swing on the rope. This make believe land that Jess and Leslie have come to adventure in, is a reincarnation of their real lives. I feel this is similar to the reason why Ms. Paterson wrote her novel. In the make believe land of ‘Terabithia’, Jess and Leslie fight the eveils and horrors of the unknown. These horrors are very similar to the daily issues that these two children face. These issues range from bullies in school to ogres in the woods, but happen to be one in the same. Further into the story, it takes an unexpected turn. When Jess goes with the music teacher he lusts after to a museum, he leaves Leslie behind. Leslie having plans with Jess in Terabithia, goes off into their magic world on the other side of the river. However, when she swings to the other side, like every other day, the rope breaks and she falls. Leslie never made it out of the river alive. When Jess got home and his parents notified him of this life altering situation, he was in denial. In my opinion, his denial was a coping method. Throughout the rest of the story Jess battles his inner turmoil and the feelings that he was to blame. The loss of his friend Leslie sets Jess on a path of self-condemnation, blaming himself for not being there for her. This feeling is common amoung individuals who lost someone close to them. Ultimately, Leslie had become the one constant is Jess’ life that he depended on and got to be free with. Once more, Jess uses Terabithia to deal with the issues his life has dealt him. However, instead of going to this land he creates the one thing that would help the most for the circumstance. Jess caught up with Leslies dad before he had time to leave town. Bill offers him the dog that Jess and Leslie had adopted. Jess tells him that Leslie would like her dad to keep him, ultimately leaving a piece of his daughter with him. Jess asks for the leftover lumber in Mr. Burkes yard. When he has the lumber, Jess puts it to good use. He creates the most elaborate bridge his mind will allow and deems it The Bridge to Terabithia. Jess hears a noise and he sees his little sister May Belle trying to cross the river. Only she’s too scared and calls for help. His rescue of May Belle is clearly symbolic of the fact that Leslies death does not leave the world hopeless and that it does not signify the end of everything. Her rescue is a renewal. This is developed when Jess brings her across the bridge to Terabithia. Leslie was an amazingly special person, but she wasnt the only special person in the world, and if Jess is to carry on with his life in a way that she would have liked, he must take advantage of the other precious relationships in his life. In doing so, he is preserving her memory as well. The building of the bridge shows that the magic was not in the rope, as Leslie had said, and it was not all in Leslie, either. Instead, it is in the heart of any person dedicated to seeking it. After the completion of his masterpiece, Jess finally allows himself to connect with his little sister, May Belle. He calls her the princess of Terabithia. I consider this a very important aspect of this novel because of the fact that throughout the rest, Jess is constantly pushing away May Belle. The growth it takes for him to accept, love and understand his little sister is very admirable. I find certain lines in this novel to be very compelling. For example, He believed her because here in the shadowy light of the stronghold everything seemed possible. Between the two of them they owned the world and no enemy, Gary Fulcher, Wanda Kay Moore, Janice Avery, Jesss own fears and insufficiencies, nor any of the foes whom Leslie imagined attacking Terabithia, could ever really defeat them. This quote comes in Chapter 4, just after they have finished building their castle stronghold in Terabithia, the first day that they have conceived of the game. It describes the sense of belonging that Jess feels in this newfound kingdom, where he and Leslie rule supreme, idealized and undefeatable and immortal. He sees it as a perfect escape from harsh r eality. It offers a ray of hope which he sorely needs as he struggles to make the transition between childhood and adulthood. In Terabithia, he lives by his own standards and according to his own impulses and personality. There, he feels himself to be the person he is struggling to grow into. I really love this quote because of the fact that it counts both Jess and Leslie as ultimately the protectors of their own goals. It is simple and yet can be interpretted in so many ways that will hold and rivet the audience. Towards the end of the novel, I find a real turning point in the following excerpt. He screamed something without words and flung the papers and paints into the dirty brown water†¦ He watched them all disappear. Gradually his breath quieted, and his heart slowed from its wild pace. The ground was still muddy from the rains, but he sat down anyway. There was nowhere to go. Nowhere. Ever again. He put his head down on one knee. That was a damn fool thing to do. His father sat down on the dirt beside him. I dont care. I dont care. He was crying now, crying so hard he could barely breathe. His father pulled Jess over on his lap as if he were Joyce Ann. There. There, he said, patting his head. Shhh. Shhh. This is the first part in the novel where Jess and his father really connect in a anyway. Whereas the situation is very much less than desired, it has brought them together in a way. This scene comes in Chapter 12, the day after Leslie has died, when Jess is just beginning to allow himself to feel his anger and grief. In throwing away the paint set, he is not only throwing away a reminder of Leslie, he is throwing away a part of himself as well, an acknowledgment of his artistic talent and calling. Howver, his father telling him it was â€Å"a damn fool thing to do† is the first time during this novel where the evidence of his father accepting him is present. The fact that he used the river to dispose of the belongings is another part I find specific. He chose the river because of the memory of Leslie dying there. This connects the art supplies and talent as also coming to rest in the river. A sense of finality is connected to the river. On the contrary to this though, I also feel like it is connected to the place. This not only is where Leslie ended, but also where the adventure always seemed to start. In this exciting novel there are many different themes. There is friendship, perseverance, and death. Jess and Leslie go through friendship. They are really good friends and have a lot in common. Together with their imagination, they create a whole, new world. Jess goes through death when he has to deal with the loss of his newly beloved best friend Leslie. Perseverance is throughout the whole novel. Leslie, May Belle, and Jess all show serious signs of perseverance. Leslies constant struggle to show Jess the amazing things he is capable of is an example, so is May Belle trying to become a part of their world of Terabithia. Overall, this novel touches base with a lot of the serious problems that children face. It shows the way that imagination is a coping mechanism instilled in the minds of every individual; it just takes a certain few to tap into all of its potential. Leslie helped a lot of people tap into what their minds sometimes fought against. Although she died at a young age, she left behind so much. Not only in the characters in this novel, but also in the people who dare read about the story. This is similar to the way people leave behind certain aspects of themselves to be remembered. Terabithia in general can act as a type of â€Å"memory palace†. There might not actually be much there for the outside observer, but to someone who helped create and live a live there, each corner of the woods holds a memory of the life they lived. The bridge that Jess builds acts as a sort of monument to hope. Leslie hoped that her and Jess could become friends and create a world together. Jess hoped for the opportunity to escape his life for anytime possible. I feel that this strongly connects to what we happen to be learning in class, because we try to connect the things we know to the things we are unsure of.

Media Bias Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Bias - Research Paper Example The first step in challenging biased news coverage is documenting bias. Here are some questions to ask yourself about newspaper, TV and radio news (Thiere 50). Political coverage often focuses on how issues affect politicians or corporate executives rather than those directly affected by the issue. For example, many stories on parental notification of abortion emphasized the "tough choice" confronting male politicians while quoting no women under 18--those with the most at stake in the debate. Economics coverage usually looks at how events impact stockholders rather than workers or consumers (Thiere 50). [The bias] is not the result of a vast left-wing conspiracy [there is] an unconscious â€Å"groupthink† mentality that taints news coverage and allows only one side of a debate to receive a fair hearing. When that happens, the truth suffers. A reporter’s job is to present a balanced story. As you read, listen to and watch news stories, you probably already notice stories that you think are biased. To see if they really are biased, you need to determine if the story falls into at least one of the several forms in which bias oc curs (Fahri). There are several types of bias. To start with is bias by omission: For every news story that is selected, there are many others that are left out. Do the news stories you see show a balanced view of real life? What are the characteristics they have in common? (e.g., are they mostly about violence, famous people, and wealth?) Do some news sources include items that are ignored by others? (Fahri) The other form of bias is bias by emphasis: What stories are on the front page or â€Å"at the top of the hour?† Which stories get the largest headlines or the first and longest coverage on TV or radio? Consider how this placement influences people’s sense of what is important. Bias by use of languages when the use of labels such as â€Å"terrorist,† â€Å"revolutionary,† or â€Å"freedom fighter†

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paper 2 - Essay Example Disgruntled Kenyans felt that they could rely on the judiciary hence took matters into their hands. The Kenyan presidential system has a very strong President hence it is prone to corruption that destabilizes the democracy. The author states that the Kenyan election had very apparent, and visible irregularities since the President and his people wanted to cling to power by all means possible (Khazan, 2013). The President further has total immunity against any legal actions hence neither the legislature nor the executive can check and regulate the president’s authority. Developing countries such as Kenya have diverse ethnic groups. In the Kenyan case, the Kikuyus and the Luos are the main ethnic groups that define the electoral processes. Kenyans vote for personalities rather than ideologies hence most political parties are merely ethnic vehicles into power. The country has a high poverty due to a weak economy as well as runaway corruption (Khazan, 2013). Most ethnic groups, therefore, view a win by their presidential candidate as a means for them to secure civil service jobs, government tenders as well as other favors. The opposing side sees the loss as a blow because the ruling government awards economic incentives according to ethnicity and political alignment (Khazan, 2013). Khazan, O. (2013, Mar 5). What Causes Some Elections to Go Violent? The Atlantic. Retrieved from

Only Hope comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Only Hope comparison - Essay Example On the other hand, Condon authored a book describing his findings from an extensive study that sought to describe how the youth of the Inuit people of the Holman island of Canada Arctic coped with the rigorous changes of adolescence amidst many social, economic, and demographic transformations. Both of these books offer an anthropological description of the Inuit youth and Chinese singletons. This paper will offer a comparison of the research questions addressed, methodologies, roles of the research , the content described in the two books and the conclusions drawn. Fong’s as highlighted in the book ‘only hope’ research question centered on determining what type of attributes were exhibited by singletons. The research was probed by the fact that parents of singletons bestowed a lot of hope in these children. Moreover, the possibility that the parents accorded these children all their attention and offered them multiple material things would have had the potential of spoiling such children. On the other hand, Condon realized that the adolescence stage presented rigorous psychological, emotional, hormonal, and physical changes that define the transition from childhood to adulthood (Fong, 2006). This prompted him to analyze how the adolescents of the Inuit youth in the Holman Island in the Canadian Arctic region coped with the social, economic, and demographic factors. He reasoned that understanding how all these changes shaped the maturation process of the adolescents could offer an advanced understanding of functioning processes of humans. Fong carried a study in the Dalian region, a coastal city that was undergoing transformation from an industrial center to service-oriented town. For 27 months, in the years 1997-2002, Fong worked closely with different schools, students, and parents. Her survey was extensive and included 2273 students in different ranks of schools. She had the privilege of visiting about 107 homes in the region (Fong, 2006) . She identified 31 families as her sample after having an extensive interaction through tutorial classes offered within the home setting. The role of her research was to determine whether the one child policy had any impact on the children born. On the other hand, Condon carried out two extensive field studies of the Inuit youth on the Holman Island. Although his first study sought to address a different objective, it offered an introductory understanding of the community (Condon, 1988). He compiled his findings after seven years of an interactive field study. The role of his research was to analyze how the youth coped with the numerous changes that defined their lives. Condon selected sub-section of the Holman Island as his sample population. Fong’s research revealed that singletons faced a surging pressure to become exemplary children as her findings highlight. The different chapters in her book reveal that parents expected singletons to demonstrate a higher sense of focus in school compared to children who had siblings. This translated into different forms of pressure exerted on the children by the parents so that they would meet the defined expectations (Fong, 2006). It becomes evident from the findings described that parents had viewed singletons in terms of the future. The research

Conceptual Framework For Research Sociology Essay

Conceptual Framework For Research Sociology Essay ABSTRACT This study focuses on the empowerment of women through various programmes and schemes in the region, country and across the world sponsored and supported by Government or non Government Organizations. This article consists of review of literature on womens empowerment through various programmes. Womens empowerment is an age old concept spotlighting improving the economic status of women and thorough participation for the development of economy. Existing historical data and status of various programmes provides better scenario for stepping in upward direction. Here the study emphasizes from the concept of women empowerment to the empirical evidences taken from various analysis, past surveys, Government Reports and literature available on it. Main aim of reviewing womens empowerment practices bring together the aspect of viewed and neglected parts of empowering women which fulfils the need of implementation of schemes, reach at them in a proper manner after covering the lacking parts. Keywords: Empowerment, Women, Programmes, Conceptual, Empirical INTRODUCTION Empowerment of women is not only limited till the term empowerment applies to the women or special group of women in particular area but also it means to develop them in all dimensions. Here the main concern towards development of women. Study starts not only from that there is strong need for womens empowerment today but why they need empowerment first. Answer of this could be sometime conflicting if there is one suppressed group, really need empowerment whether this could be men or women. A framework for the study based on the ideas and concepts gleaned from existing literature helps a researcher to plan and manage research in a comprehensive manner. Existing literature also helps to know the previous research work done in particular expanse and it acts like a torch as well as backbone for new studies for new researchers. All the researches are exploratory in nature as these carried out in ever-changing environment. Here an attempt is made to put some of the closely related literature review under two major heads. Conceptual framework for Research Empirical framework for Research Conceptual framework for Research In Conceptual framework for research, problem statement can be casted within the context of conceptual or theoretical framework. A conceptual framework is described as a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and used to structure a subsequent presentation (Reichel Ramey, 1987). As with all investigation in the social world, the framework itself forms part of the agenda for negotiation to be scrutinized and tested, reviewed and reformed as a result of investigation (Guba Lincoln, 1989)1. Although many of the researcher view the Conceptual and Theoritical framework as a synonymous and some cast it into research with slight difference. Most researches report the problem statement within the context of a conceptual or theoretical framework. A description of this framework contributes to a research report in at least two ways because it (1) identifies research variables, and (2) clarifies relationships among the variables. Linked to the problem statement, the conceptual framework sets the stage for presentation of the specific research question that drives the investigation being reported. For example, the conceptual framework and research question would be different for a formative evaluation study than for a summative study, even though their variables might be similar.2 In this way literature survey is found in different dimensions as: Power, Empowerment and Womens Empowerment Participation of Women embodied in the Process of Empowerment Womens empowerment programmes and Economic Empowerment Power, Empowerment and Womens Empowerment At the core of the concept of empowerment is the idea of power. The possibility of empowerment depends on two things viz., power can change and power can expand. If power cannot change, if it is inherent in positions or people, then empowerment is not possible. Shrilatha Batliwala (1995) defined Power as control over resources, ideology and self, exersized in socio Political and Economic Context among individuals and groups. The extent of power depends on how much and how many kind of resources they have, excess to and control over. This leads to power of decision making. Jo Rowland (1997) has identified four different forms of power viz., (1) Power over Control and influence over others, instrumentation of domination, (2) Power to- generative or productive power which creates new possibilities and actions without domination. (3) Power with- a sense of whole being greater than the sum of the individuals especially when group tackles problem together. (4) Power from within- The spiri tual strength and uniqueness that resides in each one of us and makes us truly human. The concept of empowerment is a product of early eighties; it has its grounding in the changes in development thinking of the mid-1970s. The dictionary meaning of the word empowerment is-to give power to (person/group) to give them capacity to perform physical or mental activity, to delegate authority, to give legal rights.3 Rapport (1987) describes the term empowerment as both individual determination over ones own life and democratic participation in the life of ones community often through mediating structures such as neighborhoods, voluntary organizations etc. Staples (1990) defined the term empowerment as means (a) to gain power (b) to develop power; to take or seize power; (c) to facilitate or enable power and (d) to give or grant or permit power. One of the most detailed attempts at defining empowerment is found in Kabeer (1999). Defining empowerment as the ability to make choices, Kabeer contends that the definition entails change, in that only previously disempowered members of society can be empowered. He suggested that empowerment consists of three dimensions viz., resources, agency and achievements. Sunita Roy (1999) reported that empowerment of women should focus on aspects like (a) direct involvement of women in programming and management, (b) effective collaboration with community organizations, (c) organizing and strengthening of womens self-help groups, (d) sensitization and advocacy for gender justice in society, (e) identifying womens need and priorities while generating employment, (f) organizing women in different groups to undertake certain productive activities to earn their livelihood and (g) elimination of violence and discrimination against women at physical, mental, domestic or societal level. Many researchers have stressed the importance of considering the empowerment in multiple domains (Isvan 1991; Kishor 1995; 2000; Hashemi et al. 1996; Mason 1998; Malhotra and Mather 1997; Jejeebhoy 2000; Beegle, Frankenberg, and Thomas (2001); M alhotra et al. 2002). For instance, Malhotra and Mather (1997) argue that: power is multilocational and exists in multiple domainsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is important that any discussion regarding [empowerment] specify whether this is within the family, social or political spheres, and whether the locus of control is within the household or the community4 (p. 604). Malhotra et al. (2002) suggested: womens empowerment needs to occur along the following dimensions: economic, socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political, and psychological. However, these dimensions are very broad in scope, and within each dimension, there is a range of sub-domains within which women may be empowered.5 Empowerment is viewed broadly as increasing poor peoples freedom of choice and action to shape their own lives (Narayan 2005, p.4). Participation of Women embodied in the Process of Empowerment Women have played an important part in our social life and in our history in every branch of national activity from high learning to velour on the battlefield. Today, we pass rapidly through various phases of transition, which requires the rapid changes in our old foundations. The Indian woman, the majority that is, lives in her own time, in the rhythm, of her own history, which does not quite keep time with the clocks of the 21 century. Womens participation in the revolutionary movement (Mehta, 2004) was significant even when they were deprived of basic human rights in mens world. The list of women in India who contributed to the movement for equality is enormous. To name just a few, Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Vijaylaxmi Pundit, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur took up the fight on several fronts. (Jha and poojary, 1998)6 In general, Empowerment is a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters power (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important. Keller and Mbwewe (1991, as cited in Rowlands 1995) describe it as a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their own self-reliance, to assert their independent right to make choices and to control resources which will assist in challenging and eliminating their own subordination. Batliwala (1993) defines power as having two central aspects control over resources (physical, human, intellectual, financial, and the self), and control over ideology (beliefs, values and attitudes). If power means control, then empowerment therefore is the process of gaining control. Kabeer(1999; 437)., in an influential paper, suggests that empowermentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦refers to the process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability. Women should be able to define self-interest and choice, and consider themselves as not only able but also entitled to make choices (A. Sen 1999; G. Sen 1993; Kabeer 2001; Rowlands 1995; Nussbaum 2000; Chen 1992). Kabeer (2001) goes a step further and describes this process in terms of thinking outside the system and challenging the status quo. Sudharani et al. (2000) defined empowerment as the process of challenging existing power relations and gaining greater control over the sources of power. Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building, enhancing an individuals or group capacity to make effective choices, that is, to make choices and then to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes (Alsop, Bertelsen and Holland, 2006, p.10). Shirin M. Rai et.al (2007) argued, while the local is important as a focus for debates on empowerment, we think the local must be embedded in the global and the national and vice versa. They argued that: (1) empowerment may be sequential, (2) gender balance alone cannot be the process or outcome in a world ridden with poverty and class inequality, (3) we should use the empowerment language, but contest the way it has been neutralized and even abused. Womens empowerment programmes and Economic Empowerment Even though outside work for women often means a double burden, the empirical evidence supports the notion that access to work increases a womans economic independence and with it a greater level of general independence is created.7 According to Hall(1992) economic subordination must be neutralized for women to be empowered. The economic component of empowerment requires that women be able to engage in a productive activity that will allow them some degree of financial autonomy, no matter how small and hard to obtain at the beginning.8 The World Banks Action Plan to achieve economic empowerment through Smart Economics, for example, targets four key markets: land, labor, product, and financial and measures this through policy initiatives to make markets work for women as well as agency initiatives to empowerment women to compete in markets. A prerequisite to empowerment, therefore, necessitates stepping outside the home and participating in some form of collective undertaking that can be successful, thus developing a sense of independence and competence among the women.9 Priority should be given to women in the allocation of work in such a way that at least one-third of the beneficiaries shall be women. [Schedule II, Para 6, NREGA]. The National Commission for Women (NCW), set up in 1992, has a mandate to safeguard the rights and interests of women. Universalisation of ICDS was contemplated by the end of 1995-96 through expanding its services all over the country. Sanjukta Chaudhuri (2010), in her paper Womens Empowerment in South Asia and South East Asia: A Comparative Analysis contributed to the literature on womens empowerment by exploring the time and birth cohort trends of womens empowerment in eight countries of South Asia and South East Asia. The countries included are Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan of South Asia; Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam of South East Asia. Initially, she estimated the relationship between economic developmen t and female labor force participation rate FLFPR (the U curve)10 using data on 172 countries from 1990 2007. She further examined the influence of time on womens empowerment and performed a series of multiple regressions on six measures of womens empowerment variables separately for the eight countries, using individual level survey data for each country. The indicators of womens empowerment were: economic participation, educational attainment, wage work, fertility, female to male sex ratio of living children, and the ratio of ideal number of daughters to sons. In Rajasthan, Jan Chetna Sansthan have promoted Ekal Naari Shakti Sangathan in Abu Road block, Sirohi in order to help widows and single and separated women It works to ensure a rightful living for single women and addressing their problems. It also works towards getting them widow pension and other benefits under any government schemes. Deepshikha Mahila Bal Utthan Samiti came in to being in the year 1980, with the idea of promoting Welfare Policing Activities. 1.3.1 Gender equity, equality and inequality Gender equality is considered an important issue for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) because gender inequality is an obstacle to progress, a roadblock on the path of human development (UNDP, 2002, pp.6). Pradhan (2003) discusses the need to bring gender equality where men and women are considered equal in every sphere of life because .if you empower a woman, you empower her children, her community and her country (Pradhan, 2003, pp.51-57). Gender inequality can result in disadvantages and differentials for females in terms of life expectancy and children.s nutrition, denial of choice, lack of political representation, and lack of empowerment (Kabeer, 1999). Sen (2001) notes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦inequality between women and men can take very many different forms. Indeed, gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but a collection of disparate and interlinked problems. Sen enumerates seven types of gender inequality, including mortality, basic facility, special oppor tunity, professional, ownership, and household inequality. In order to develop economy and increased participation of women, Government addressed the problem related to women and initiate to remove inefficiency through implementing various programmes like, Awareness Generation Projects for Rural and Poor Women, CSWB Scheme, Develpoment of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Family Benefits Scheme, Kishori Shakti Yojana, NORAD Scheme, Scheme for working Women Hostels, Swa Shakti Project, Swayamsidha Scheme, Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP), Science and Technology for Women and so on. Empirical Framework for Research Relevant research studies conducted in the past has great relevance for new research work and is a helpful tool to conduct research more precisely. Empirical framework for research underlines the derived results from experiment and observations rather than theory. This is categorized into following subheads: Impact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment Programmes Evaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment Programmes Constraints experienced by rural women in Empowerment process Impact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment Programmes Hashemi et al (1996) undertook ethnographic research in six villages for four years to measure the effects of programmes on the empowerment of women. Two villages were Grameen Bank villages, two were BRAC villages, and the other two had no credit programmes. They used a model based on eight indicators of empowerment which were: mobility; economic security; ability to make small purchases; ability to make larger purchases; involvement in major household decisions; relative freedom from domination within the family; political and legal awareness; and involvement in political campaigning and protests Srilatha et al. (1997) observed that a major gain of making the programme of SHGs women centred was that the transition of power from the bureaucracy to the people. Sen (1997) based on a case study in India, stressed the importance of empowerment of an individual in order to gain control over assets. Haimanti Mukhopadhyay (2008) studied the role of education in Women Empowerment in the district of Malda, West Bengal, India. Her Exhaustive survey comprising forty two villages, tried to unearth the status of women, attitude towards girls education in society, problems hindering the education of women, the importance of marriage in womens life affecting education as well as the empowerment of women. During the survey, she felt that there was a very positive change at least among women in Malda district who are much more concerned about their daughters education, as compared to their previous generation. The WHOs (2008) Tackling Social and Economic Determinants of Health through Womens E mpowerment: The SEWA case study experienced the SEWA as a social movement and a programme that aims to empower the poor must be prepared to listen to the poor. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) noted that in implementing gender policies in development, it was time to move from treating the symptoms of gender inequality to address the structural factors that cause it. Women empowerment programmes made it possible to increase empowerment with increased participation of women. Clark et al. (1991) explored the impact of culture on female labor force participation in 135 countries for 1980. They use a combination of religion, political ideology, and world region variables to find evidence supporting the importance of culture in explaining womens labor force participation. Throughout the developing countries, innovative lending programs have emerged and In many of these programs it is common to find that a large percentage of borrowers are women. Based on a 1996 survey of microfinance institution around the world, the World Bank estimated that 61% of all clients were women (World Bank, 1997). 2.1.1 SHG and Microfinance Self Help Group (SHG) is a voluntary association formed for the purpose of engaging small enterprise. To form this organization, it requires a minimum of twelve individuals. K.C. Sharma (2001) maintained that through SHGs women empowerment is taking place. Rekha R. Baonkar [2001] studied the impact of SHGs on women in Goa and observed that individual loans were mostly for productive purposes with cent percent recovery. P.K.Awasthi, Deepak Rathi and Vimla Sahu [2001] in their study in Madhya Pradesh on the impact of SHGs on economic status of women observed that the SHG women were engaged in Mahua, mushroom cultivation, amachur papad making, pisciculture, nursery etc. An interesting study made by M.C. Athavale, K.G Sharma and A.M. Mishra [2001] in Madhya Pradesh under the leadership of Anganwardi worker, on the working of a particular SHG called Yoshoda Mahila Samithi(YMS) has helped the members to do saving and get loan. The repayment was 100%. Rajasekar D [2003] analyzed the impact of the economic programmes of SHARE, a NGO in Tamil Nadu on poverty reduction with the help of data collected from the households of 84 women members. Kabeer(2005) examined the empirical evidence on the impact of microfinance with respect to poverty reduction and the empowerment of poor women in South Asia. Prem Chander Vanguri (2007) highlighted the impact of microfinance programmes on womens empowerment in India. They compared Swashakti, Swayamsiddha, Swaran Jayanti Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SJGRY) and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) micro finance programmes for facilitating rural poor women in their access to micro credit. Evaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment Programmes Pandey conducted a study to assess the impact of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK). This study is based in the state of Maharashtra and was conducted to examine whether the RMK has been able to achieve its main objectives of reaching credit to poor women, enabling women to achieve economic independence and becoming aware about credit facilities and management. M.S. Jairath [2001] analyzed the growth and development of SHGs in Rajasthan taking two categories: (1) resource poor tribal; and (2) resource better of non-tribal. It was arrived that the average membership, rate of interest, size of borrowings were higher in the former, but the average amount of saving was higher with the latter. Deshmukh Ranadive (2002), in his study on Womens Access to Credit and Rural Micro-Finance in India has addressed issues related to data in the context of micro-finance interventions in rural areas. The vertical approach has shown how the data that has been collected, throws light on the different dimension s of the programme and the participants. NPC (2005) analyzed gender development in India in the context of interstate analysis with the help of state rankings on the basis of calculating the average of the standard values of the 52 criteria indicators. Dwarakanath H.D [2002] analyzed the characteristics and growth of self help groups in Andhra Pradesh and found that the SHGs using the loan facilities from the cooperative credit banks, commercial banks, mahila bank and Maheswaran banks, have produced more than 50 varieties of products. Abdul Hayes, Ruhul Amin and Stan Becker [1998] analyzed the relationship between poor womens participation in micro credit programmes and their empowerment by taking both SHG and non-SHG members in rural Bangladesh. Rajasthan Microfinance Report-2010 revealed that Good quality Self Help Groups create mutual trust and a sense of solidarity among members. This raises their confidence to deal with socio-economic problems of their family and their village, all by themselves. Women empowerment can further be boosted by promoting four ideologies, which can be taken as indicators of success a) Zero tolerance of domestic violence in families of all SHG members in Rajasthan; b) 100% girl child enrolment in educational institutions in families of all SHG members; c) 100% institutional infant delivery; d) 50% participation of women SHG members at village development committees . Milestones should be set for every year in order to achieve the stated objectives while progress should be tracked by measuring the indicators. In Rajasthan Womens Development Programme (WDP), conceived in 1984 when the idea of rural illiterate women mobilizing collectively was unthinkable. And yet, the programme enabled the evolution of womens collectives under the leadership of the Sathin, the grass root worker at village level, working tirelessly on a meagre monthly honorarium of Rs 350. The strength of the Sathins and these collectives was derived from the support structures provided by the partnership between the government and the voluntary agency arm of the programme IDARA (Information and Development and Resource Agency), with its primary role of training and providing creative and critical inputs. Constraints experienced by rural women in Empowerment process During the eighteenth century women suffered from several handicaps like female infanticide, sati (Sharma,1988), purdah (Mathur 2004), child marriage, illiteracy and subsequently forced child widowhood in the19th century. Women were treated no better than domestic animals. Moved by this extreme plight, great social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Iswarchandra Vidyasagar, Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, M.G. Ranade, D.K.Karve and Mahatma Gandhi were in the forefront, fighting against social atrocities toward women (Jha and Pujari, 1998).11 Sing K.P (2004) says that among women who were working out of utter economic necessity, the majority were dissatisfied with the time they spend with their children and the time they allocate to their home 57 percent of working women have alternate arrangements for their children either a mother or a mother-in law or a maid to look after their children. Beckers (2005) model of effort allocation implies that an hour of a mans time produces more of value to an employer than an hour of equally skilled and experienced women who has greater responsibilities. This in true influences both employers treatment of equally capable male and female employees and workers subsequent decisions about investing time and energy in household versus market-work. The model implies that small initial disadvantages faced by women in the work-place can lead to extreme results in the division of labour in the household, occupational segregation and earning difference. Footnotes Smyth, R. (2004). Exploring the usefulness of a conceptual framework as a research tool: A researchers reflections. Issues In Educational Research, 14(2), 167-180. McGaghie, William C.; Bordage, Georges; Shea, Judy A., Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research Question September 2001 Volume 76 Issue 9 p 923. Banerjee NK, Grassroot empowerment (1975-1990) : A discussion paper, Occasional paper No.2, CWDS, New Delhi, 1995, p.2. Malhotra, A. and M. Mather. 1997. Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Countries? Gender and Domestic Decisions in Sri Lanka. Sociological Forum 12(4), p. 604. Malhotra, A., Schuler, S. R. and Boender, C. (2002) Measuring Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development (Washington, DC, The World Bank), p. 13; Haimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India: Reflections on a Survey of Women , Journal of International Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Studies Vol. 10 #2 November 2008, P. 218. Women, Education and Empowerment: Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.15 Ibid., p.15 Women, Education and Empowerment: Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.16. Results confirm the existence and upward shifting position of the U curve. Hence, the U curve estimates suggests that there is a time element involved in womens empowerment. Dr. Sanjukta Chaudhuri, December, 2009, Economic Development and Womens Empowerment, from http://people.uwec.edu/chaudhs/PDFS/Chaudhuri%20Economic%20Development%20and%20Womens%20Empowerment.pdf Haimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India: Reflections on a Survey of Women , Journal of International Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Studies Vol. 10 #2 November 2008, P. 217.

Reaction Rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Essays

Reaction Rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid at Various Concentrations Introduction/ plan ------------------ I am experimenting into the reaction rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid when under different concentrations. Both Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid are clear solutions but when they react together they produce a cloudy solution, the solution become so cloudy you cannot see through it. To measure the rate of reaction I am going to print off a cross from the computer onto a piece of paper, place it under the beaker with the solution in it and record the time taken for the cross not to be visible. The Symbol equation for my experiment is: Na S O (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H O (l) + S (s) + SO (g) The Word equation for my experiment is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride + Water + Sulphur + Sulphur Dioxide Equipment --------- Below is a list of the equipment I will be using throughout my experiments: * Computer draw crosses * 400ml Beakers to put solution in * 20ml beakers to place hydrochloric acid, sulphuric thiosulphate and water in * Measuring Cylinders * Pipettes to measure liquids accurately * Thermometers to check temperature is constant * Stop Clocks to record rate of reaction * Paper towels to dry equipment To make all of my experiments fair I will keep some factors the same: * The volume of solution - 40cm * The volume of hydro...

The Success of the Elite White South

During the 12 year period after the Civil War (1865-1877) four main groups of people, Southern Whites, Recently Freed Blacks, Northern Democrats, and Northern Republicans, were all competing to rebuild the war ravaged South to their advantage or ideals, but it was the Southern Whites whose needs were most closely met. Because the freedmen were never given social equality, education, means of economic success, or full participation in government operations the plantation owners of the south were able to bring about conditions after the civil war which were not far from those of the prewar, with the whites controlling the laws and the money and the blacks performing all of the labor needed to fuel an agrarian economy. After the Civil War many Negroes though they would soon be entitled to nearly full, if not complete, social equality because of congressional action such as the formation of the freedman's bureau and the passing of the civil rights act. However, they soon learned that the Southern whites were not about to let this happen, and that blacks would be kept in the inferior position they had known for the hundreds of years that preceded the war. Soon after the war most Southern states wrote into the books news laws pertaining to Negroes called the â€Å"Black Codes. † These laws, which were often identical to prewar laws save the word â€Å"slave† was replaced with the word â€Å"freedman†, limited almost every conceivable right of the black man. They were denied the ability to congregate in groups, stay at certain motels or inns, and eat at many restaurants. They were required to carry special passes and given a curfew. Because the white South was so opposed to black equality, any law passed to grant Negroes rights were either or ignored, or were bypassed using certain loopholes. Congress could do almost nothing to stop these maltreatments from happening. In 1875 they did pass the Civil Rights Act, but poor enforcement and a Supreme Court ruling 8 years later led the bill practically useless to the blacks. All in all white resistance and government control led to almost no integration of blacks into white society. Lack of good education for blacks was another important factor that prevented them from achieving any status higher than servant after the war. Although blacks schools were set up from primary to college, they were sparsely funded and almost completely segregated, leaving the blacks with either no education or a very poor one. Congress did make attempts at, and succeed in, creating state funded schools in the South, they allowed them to be segregated, which permitted the whites to control which race got what kind of education. Their prejudices of course pointed them in the direction of inferior education for blacks. Black schools were almost always poorly funded and inadequately staffed. The teachers at these schools, usually Northern whites, were often given such a horrible social stigma that they were forced to leave the South, and teaching there, completely. They were ostracized by the whites, and often beaten or tarred and feathered by the Ku Klux Klan. Some states attempted to integrate state colleges, or create all black colleges, but these ventures met with little success. In Arkansas, for example, the state college was declared open to all races, but only one black person registered and he was taught privately off campus. Not only did the prospect of segregation allow for poor black education, but it also caused their demoralization. Almost a hundred years later when the Supreme Court finally ruled segregation unconstitutional, one of the strongest arguments was that separating the blacks from the whites caused a great feeling of self hatred and inferiority among the blacks. Had the blacks not faced these practical and psychological barriers, they would have been far more likely to contend with white southerners in the job market. One of the most important things denied blacks during reconstruction was the means to make a living either of subsistence farming or in jobs requiring skilled labor. Early on in the civil war there were rumors of a post-war land redistribution which would gives blacks the means to start farms of their own, but these rumors predicted a much greater turn over of land than was actually seen. At first it seemed as if they might be true however. Upon capturing the sea islands south of Charleston, General Sherman gave the 485,000 acres to 40,000 black families to run. These blacks believed they had been given legal ownership of the land, and worked it profitably for over 4 years until the original white owners stepped in and demanded, and were granted, their old deeds back. Other plans were initiated to give poor blacks more land, but few of them me with success. In some states thousands of acres were acquired through either purchase, taxation (States taxed land highly if one person owned more than a certain amount. This required many large land owners to give up some, but not all of their land. ), or confiscation, but when attempts were made to sell this land off at low prices, it was picked up mostly by speculators or people with close ties to the government looking for a summer home. Fewer than 40,000 acres were ever actually given to poor blacks. Not only were blacks kept out of subsistence farming, but they were also removed from almost all forms of skilled labor. The black codes imposed strict restrictions on what jobs blacks could do, so that even if they did pick up a trade, either through schooling or from previous experience on the plantation, they could not use it. The whites did allow them to enter the skilled workforce, but only through apprenticeships under white masters which were almost no better than slavery. Apprentices were not allowed to leave their maters, and could be whipped if the masters deemed it necessary. With the end of efforts to get the black man his own land and the inability for him to enter the skilled work force the black man was destined to a life of subservience to the whites. After reconstruction the only option left to most of the blacks was a system of sharecropping which was practically identical to slavery. And just as demoralizing. All of these restrictions could easily have been lifted if the freedmen had been given the right to vote early on, as the 15th amendment seemed to promise, but this never happened. Although the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote to everyone regardless of race or creed, it's vague wording allowed whites to find other ways to deny the freedmen suffrage. Southern states adopted poll taxes, education requirements, land requirements, grandfather clauses, or a mixture of any of those in order to successfully keep the blacks from the polls without actually stating that blacks could not vote. This allowed the whites to stay ahead politically as well as economically. Although in some states this did not happen, and blacks were even elected to political office, they never achieved high ranks in either state or federal governments, and their numbers in the house were well below what percentage of the population they represented. Without the right to vote or any representatives in the government, the blacks found themselves powerless to change the laws that held them down. They could not get equal rights, decent education, or job opportunities because these were all the responsibility of the government, a government which they played almost no part in. Without a voice in legislation the black man was powerless to direct his destiny, and the white man was able to guide him down a path of further servitude. This fact alone proves that slavery did not die with the end of slavery. With a large portion of the population writing laws keeping a smaller portion in a lesser state, slavery still exists. All of these factors contributed to keep the whites on top of the blacks for many years after reconstruction. It wasn't until the civil rights movement of the 1960's that true change was brought about. The black man was kept out of white social circles, was not given education, was kept out of the job market, and was not allowed to participate in the government. All of these factors added up to a man who was supposedly free, but had few options to choose from. Everywhere the black man turned paths were off limits to him, and the only one that seemed to be open was one of lower class citizen whose life was still basically determined by the white man. The outcome of the reconstruction truly favored the whites in that all power was given to them. They were able to control the destiny of not only themselves, but of the blacks as well.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments 1848

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote the Declaration of Sentiments for the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention (1848) in upstate New York, deliberately modeling it on the 1776 Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Sentiments was read by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, then each paragraph was read, discussed, and sometimes slightly modified during the first day of the Convention when only women had been invited and the few men present anyway were asked to be silent. The women decided to put off the vote for the following day, and permit men to vote on the final Declaration on that day. It was adopted unanimously in the morning session of day 2, July 20. The Convention also discussed a series of resolutions on day 1 and voted on them on day 2. Whats in the Declaration of Sentiments? The following summarizes the points of the full text. 1. The first paragraphs begin with quotes that resonate with the Declaration of Independence. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied ... a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course. 2. The second paragraph also resonates with the 1776 document, adding women to men.  The text begins: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.  Just as the Declaration of Independence asserted the right to change or throw off unjust government, so does the Declaration of Sentiments. 3. Mens history of repeated injuries and usurpations in order to an absolute tyranny over women is asserted, and the intention to lay out the evidence is also included. 4. Men have not permitted women to vote. 5. Women are subject to laws they have no voice in making. 6. Women are denied rights given to the most ignorant and degraded men. 7. Beyond denying women a voice in legislation, men have oppressed women further. 8. A woman, when married, has no legal existence, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. 9. A man may take from a woman any property or wages. 10.  A woman can be compelled by a husband to obey, and thus made to commit crimes. 11.  Marriage laws deprive women of guardianship of children upon divorce. 12. A single woman is taxed if she owns property. 13. Women are not able to enter most of the more profitable employments and also avenues to wealth and distinction such as in theology, medicine, and law. 14. She cannot obtain a thorough education because no colleges admit women. 15. The Church alleges Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry and also with some exceptions, from any public participation in the affairs of the Church. 16.  Men and women are held to different moral standards. 17. Men claim the authority over women as if they are God, instead of honoring womens consciences. 18. Men destroy womens self-confidence and self-respect. 19. Because of all this social and religious degradation and disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, the women signing demand immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States. 20. Those signing the Declaration declare their intention to work towards that equality and inclusion, and call for further conventions. The section on voting was the most contentious, but it did pass, especially after Frederick Douglass, who was in attendance, supported it. Criticism The whole document and event was met at the time with widespread disgust and mocking in the press, for even calling for womens equality and rights.  The mention of women voting and the criticism of the Church were especially targets of derision. The Declaration has been criticized for its lack of mention of those who were enslaved (male and female), for omitting mention of Native women (and men), and for the elitist sentiment expressed in point 6.

Learn How to Say Goodbye in French

Learn How to Say Goodbye in French Once you know all there is to know about saying bonjour, you can work on saying goodbye in French. Here again, you have some options. The Standard French Way of Saying Goodbye Au revoir is pronounced or voar in modern French. Its not a mistake per se to pronounce the e, but most people would glide over it nowadays. Au revoir always works, no matter what the situation is, so if there is one word to remember, its this one. When you can, add monsieur, madame or mademoiselle or the persons name if you know it after au revoir, its much more polite to do so in French. Be Careful With Salut Salut is a very informal French greeting. It can be used when you arrive, kind of like hey in English. And it can also be used as you leave, with friends, in a very relaxed setting or if you are younger. Bonne Soirà ©e Is Different From Bonne Nuit Now, when you leave, you may also say something beginning with have a good... Bonne journà ©e: have a good day.Bon(ne) aprà ¨s-midi: have a good afternoon (un/une aprà ¨s-midi is both masculine and feminine... Its weird, I know. In any case, no matter the spelling of bon/bonne here, the pronunciation will be the same because of the liaison.) Now, when it comes to saying have a good night, as in a good night out, with your friends, you need to say: bonne soirà ©e. Its a mistake I hear a lot; students of French do a literal translation and say: bonne nuit. But a French person would only use bonne nuit before someone goes to bed, as in have a good night sleep. So you need to be particularly careful about that. Bonsoir Is Hello in the Evening and Goodbye Bonsoir is mostly used to say hello when you arrive somewhere in the evening, we use it from time to time to say goodbye. In that case, it means the same as bonne soirà ©e have a good evening. Saying Bye, Tchao, Adios in French Why are other idioms appropriate here? Well, its very trendy among French people to use other languages to say goodbye. Actually bye, or bye-bye is extremely common! French speakers will pronounce it the English way (well, as much as the French accent permits it...) Formal and Outdated Farewells Adieu literally means to God. It used to be the way we said goodbye, farewell in French, so youll find it in literature and other classic mediums. But it has changed, and today, its really outdated, and carries the notion of forever goodbye.   Gestures Associated With Au revoir Just as with bonjour, the French will shake hands, wave, or kiss goodbye. The French dont bow. And there is no true French equivalent to an American hug. You should also practice your French greetings and kissing vocabulary  and you may also want to learn  how to say see you soon in French.

LAND GRABBING KEEPS ME AWAKE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LAND GRABBING KEEPS ME AWAKE - Essay Example With global reports confirming the world’s peaking oil, among other greater risks such as persistent hunger partly contributed by anthropogenic climate change, the putative existence of ‘reserve agricultural land’ in the global south, particularly in Africa and the Latin America, has been labeled the lifeline, thus the dramatic revaluation and the subsequent haste to acquire and control large swathes of land for agro-industrial, large-scale resource extraction initiatives and food security (McMichael, 2012). Buoyed by the idea that long-term landholdings are the only avenue to assuage continuous supply of their needs, ‘finance-rich, resource-poor’ countries are aggressively funding the acquisitions in government to government deals that leaves the poor even more worse off than ever. While the surge in the transnational commercial land deals ringing in massive ‘private and non-private’ lands to the dispossession of the global poor are guid ed by the neoliberal policies under the supervision of WTO, the trade-offs seem far off a just order, for the rules only but favors the big Brother, thus the accelerated land grabbing, more so in Africa where unutilized land is considered plentiful and labor are relatively cheap. In spite of the title deeds issued by most African, Latin American and Asian countries indicating ownership, land remains the property of the state. Accordingly, the state possesses all the rights to do whatever it desires, including utilizing as a bait to attract foreign investments (Houtart 2010). Ironically disturbing is the very fact that Africa, a continent that faces hunger the most, takes the lion’s share of the dubious land deals that exacerbates their local food insecurity further, for arable lands leased in large scale to foreigners only produce food and other products for export purposes. Small scale farmers hitherto

Designing a new project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Designing a new project - Essay Example commercial properties for construction and development, as well as identifying the operations steps required to ensure adequate staffing levels as related to payroll. Further, as part of this expansion initiative, ABC will conduct a strategic assessment of the competitive environment to determine a series of potential best practices for cost reduction and efficiency in this project. There will, of course, be fixed expenditures and variable costs which the new manufacturing facility will incur during its first operational year, however initial budget assessment can determine future methodology in relation to specific areas of cost which might require adjusting. However, the scope of this project is to get the new ABC manufacturing facility up-and-running to full manufacturing capacity, from the ground up, in the period of two years. This proposal highlights the expected operational activities and costs during this project and will provide a review of how progress will be measured and adjusted based on corporate expectations. Identifying a suitable property for development, as Phase One of the project, involves assessing opportunities to seize valuable assets for ABC. The new facility must be within the established budget guidelines and also be sustainable so as not to incur losses in the first series of operating years. However, current trends in the commercial real estate industry have driven prices to, in some instances, record lows (Jones, 28), allowing the company to capitalize on low cost retail property that is market driven. Phase One will also consist of utilizing human capital for the project, which is identified as the labor available at the company’s disposal to ensure productive and efficient operations (Mathis & Jackson, 117). Tangible construction efforts will be handled by external suppliers and professional builders based on a bidding process. As previously mentioned, all supply and purchasing costs can be delivered to the appropriate spending

COLLABORATIVE OR PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATION Assignment - 1

COLLABORATIVE OR PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATION - Assignment Example It will also be very important not to ignore the fact that principled negotiation is thorough in terms of the factors that are considered and the presentation of the various requirements of the software stakeholders. This is a technique that has proved to be effective for a person who intends to separate the problem from the stakeholders. For example, clients might not have the same computing background as the suppliers or developers. This implies that there should be a way through which the requirements can take into consideration the difference in the nature of the differences of the stakeholders if in any case the project is to become a success. This is a method that can also enable engineering of requirements to be based on the interests of the negotiators rather than their positions. Through focusing on the interests, a software developer might be able to determine the common ground for all the stakeholders. This is basically because he nature of the software that is developed will need to be in accordance to the requirements of the suppliers and the end users. This negotiation approach also allows for the invention of mutual gain. One thing about computers system is that they usually evolve with time. For instance, in this case it was discovered that the money that was availed by the government would not be sufficient for the required hardware for the necessary spreading of implementation functionality. Therefore, the negotiation process led to the division of the whole project into phases with the first phase being the most important one which was food control. The division into phases was a result of thorough study of the interests of the stakeholder and looking of the most appropriate way through which all the stakeholders would be satisfied even with the limited resources. The fact that people rarely change their positions,

How trade restrictions affect international trade Essay Example for Free

How trade restrictions affect international trade Essay How do international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions affect international trade and costs of production?International sanctions are set in place typically to protect countries involved in trade. There are many types of sanctions that have been in place for quite a while but the most common sanctions are used to stop terrorism, which is extremely important to even more so since September 11, 2001. Sanctions regarding trade restrictions on weapons, ammunition, and other materials used to make weapons or explosives are common among countries. When it comes to tariffs, it is a tax on imports imposed by the government to raise funds. There are also many types of tariffs, which are used by nearly every government in the world to exploit more money revenue for that government. In many cases a tariff is in place to protect an industry in that country. A Quota is a way to describe the checks and balance system for which a government or business determines its supply and demand quantity. Different international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions all can hamper international trade and may also increases the cost of production. How do tariffs and sanctions on the import of auto engines into the U.S. affect production and costs at Acme?Tariffs and sanctions ultimately would hinder Acme Motors on the import of auto engines and parts because the price of the production pieces would rise noticeably. At this current time United States benefits extremely from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), since the U.S. does not impose tariffs and hampering sanctions on trades with Canada and Mexico. As explained in the first paragraph, that if tariffs were implemented the prices of these products would greatly increase because of the government take on this revenue which would lead to higher prices the consumers would end up paying. So far it has shown to be beneficial for the United States and Acme Motors having the lack of sanctions and tariffs. Do you agree with trade restrictions? When do you think they are successful?My personal thoughts are that trade restrictions are very important and that I do agree with these restrictions. While third world countries do not benefit from these restrictions it is still used to limit terrorist trade capabilities, maintains economies that are already  established, and controls the flow of productions that look to monopolize one or many different forms of business. The United States is heading into a recession or may already be knee deep into one but if the U.S. did not impose trade restrictions on certain countries the very foundation in which this country was established would be swept right out from underneath our feet. Reference: Sawyer, W.C., Sprinkle, R.L. (2003). International Economics, Second Edition. 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Taylor, S. (2007, Feb 07). International Sanctions, Tariffs, Quotas, and Trade Restrictions. Retrieved on December 7, 2008, from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/132626/international_sanctions_tariffs_quotas.html?cat=3

BOH Tea And Consumer Behavior

BOH Tea And Consumer Behavior BOH Plantation Sdn Bhd was found by John Archibald Russell in the year 1929, together with A.B. Milne, a veteran in tea planting from Ceylon they succeeded in obtaining a concession of land in Cameron Highland in order to start the tea plantation business. Together the duo transforms steep jungles slopes into a tea garden known as BOH Plantations, which is the 1st highland tea garden in the country. BOH Plantations business begins to bloom and currently is the leading tea grower in the country. The plantation expanded and owns four tea gardens, of which three is located 5000 ft above sea level and is situated in Cameron Highlands, and the fourth is centralizing in Bukit Cheeding, Selangor. Collectively, the gardens size in total is 1200ha. BOH Plantation has been firmly entrenched that most Malaysia drinks BOH tea moe re than any other brand. BOH tea are available in 3 different forms ( tea packets, tea bags, tea dust). The company currently produces 4 million kg of tea in a year. Malaysian consumes 10million kg of tea which makes BOH tea largest producer locally of black tea, in terms of cuppage, BOH tea produces about 5.5 million per day which almost meets 50% of tea consumption requirement in the country. The success story of BOH Plantation continues to be Malaysias leading brand in tea and is also exporting to Brunei, Japan, Singapore, United Arab Emirates and also the US. Consumer Decision Process BOH tea Consumer Decision Process is basically known as a cognitive process. Consumer is aware of a need or wants and search for possible ways to satisfy it. Awareness of consumer is not an automatic process; it is actually selective external procedure. Example, consumers are expose to thousands of messages that persuades them from advertising, political organization, religious groups , food products and many more other resources. This mass information that seeks out consumer attention then filtered out by individual in order to make the decision in buying a product. In order for a consumer to purchase a product, he or she has to go through the 5 stages of consumer decision process. These 5 stages of consumer decision making process are very important for consumer to make an accurate decision in satisfying their needs and wants. The stages flow in sequence beginning with problem recognition and ending with post-purchase evaluation. The 5 stages are as graph above: Problem Recognition Information Search Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives Decision Implementation Post-purchase Evaluation Problem Recognition The consumer decision process begins when a consumer is aware of satisfying their needs or wants. Example, Jason might need a new football shoe to replace the old depreciated one or Sarah need s a new computer to replace the her old want which is not performing as well as it was before. These kind of problem shows that consumer have recognized and identify their problem such as actual state and desired state. BOH tea inspires the consumer by tackling the health benefits of drinking tea and how BOH provides quality and innovative tea products. For the past decade, health benefits have caught the attention of the wide coverage of media. Numerous studies have shown that the antioxidant polyphenols of tea has the anti-cancer properties and also able to reduce the risk of gastric, and also skin cancer. This health benefits has increase the demand of tea in the market. Prevention is better than cure; this statement has drive consumers to seek for solution in reducing the chance of getting sick and that is mainly the problem face by consumer. This is where tea becomes the problem solver. This is where BOH tea as Malaysian leading brand provides with high quality tea that satisfies and produce a healthier lifestyle for the consumer in Malaysia. Tea may protect cancer caused by smoking Tea drinker has lower blood pressure Green, Black and Oolong tea Tea can lower cholesterol level and protect against heart diseases Tea believed to boost the bodys defense system Health benefits from consuming tea (http://www.2basnob.com/health-benefits-of-tea.html) Information Research When consumers identify a problem, they will find ways to solve the problems. Example, Sarah would pay more attention to product information of a personal computer. She will be more aware and attentive towards computer advertisement, friends choice of computer brand, and online information regarding different brand of computer. In the process of gathering this information , Sarah as a consumer will began to learn more about the brands of computers that compete in the market and their features and characteristic that satisfy the needs and wants of various consumer. However, awareness itself is not strong enough to guarantee the continuation of process decision making, unless he or she believes that there is a solution to solve their problem. If high level of involvement is engagement, consumer will advance to seek more resources regarding the product that they want. Internal and external search take place within consumer memory system. In the case of BOH tea, since it is the leading t ea brand in Malaysia it is important to strengthen the brands leadership by capturing the attention of consumer through innovative tea products. BOH tea has to provide extensive information about their quality and innovative tea products, in order for consumer to obtain knowledge of their tea easily Internal Research Internal research is an attempt to seek information in the form of pre-existing knowledge such as attitudes and beliefs of the problem. However, if the problem is new to the consumer, then it is inadequate to make the decision making and external research is a necessity. This research is not entirely resourceful because consumer might be unable to recall the reason of purchasing the product or opinion made during the consumption process. In order for BOH tea to leave a good impression, their catchy phrase ada Ummph which literally means more than words can describe kind of feeling to show the great quality of tea that is produce by BOH tea. This phrase will strongly register the brands name in the mind of consumer, so that the next time they want to purchase tea, BOH tea will be their 1st choice as the ada Ummph phrase shows that consumer will never regret in consuming their tea . External Research External research provides more resourceful information from organization, friends, families, society and many more. Consumer are willing to access for secondary information from online resources, advertisement, brochures and many more in order to provide them with the excess knowledge to purchase the computer of their choice. Tea drinker in Malaysia will not escape the attention of BOH tea, as their product can be obtained from most retail outlets. BOH tea has also promoted their tea in the form of newspaper advertisement, television commercial, and also campaigns. BOH tea promotes their tea with bonding with love ones by creating moments of togetherness with loved ones. This is to show that a cup of tea can unite everyone together without any restriction . All this information plays an important role in the mental processing of the mind which includes short term and long-term memory storage. Example, information gain regarding the personal computer will only be in Sarahs mind for a brief moment if it is not stored in the long -term storage. Once Sarah stores it in the long term storage, she will be able to recall the characteristic of the computers brands and make the decision making without it being lost in a minute. Three main operation takes place in the memory so that the information can be retrieve later on Rehearsal Mental repetition of product information. Example, BOH tea ade Ummph phrase remind consumer of their good quality of tea Encoding Information interprets which allows long-term storage. Example, consumer will register the types of tea products so that consumer can pick the choice that they like. Storage Information stored in long-term memory. Example, when it comes to tea consumption, Malaysian consumer will remember BOH tea, as the tea with high quality and creates bonding between family members. Graph below shows the choice that is choice that has to be made by Sarah after obtaining the desired information that is needed by her. Computer brands that is aware by Sarah. Example, Acer, Apple, Compaq, Dell, HP, Sony, and Toshiba Subset of computer brands that is aware by Sarah in the market Affordable and high performance brands will be Sarahs best choice of purchasing a computer. Example, Dell and Acer which is affordable and high performance With more information, only selective few strong candidates are remain Choice Set Sarah might make her decision on a Dell computer because it is cheaper and long lasting compared to Sony which is too expensive and unaffordable Brands that satisfy her buying criteria of a computer. Example, the price is affordable and high performance Evoke / Consideration set Awareness Set Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives The following step allows the consumer to evaluate the brands from the information that is obtained. However, there is no specific evaluation process is applied by all consumer in buying situation. Thus, consumers sees product as a bundle of attributes such as the need, benefits, and attributes in order to make the right decision that satisfy their needs and wants. This bundle of attributes is actually a products objective and subjective factors. Objective factor BOH tea provides high quality tea that provides health benefits Subjective factors Comparison of BOH Tea and Lipton tea, BOH tea being the outstanding as product is a national brand. It is also cheap and easily obtain. Purchase Decision Purchasing the brand BOH tea satisfies the entire spectrum of the non-alcoholic beverage in Malaysia and encourages tea to be consumed including, cold, instant, traditional or in any other form that is preferred by consumer. This satisfies the consumer by providing choice of tea consumption according to their taste This is the stage where consumer has decided which brand of product that he or she wants after a making comparison with all the availability of product brands. Consumer will then have to select 2 specific elements which is purchasing the brand choice and purchasing time. Purchasing Time Product can be purchase in most retail outlet in the form of packages. Consumer can also buy it in bundle during promotion period too. Post purchase evaluation In this stage the level of purchase involvement of consumer is very important, it is often known as the level of concern for or interest in the purchase and heavily depends on the extensive information that is seek by the consumer in making a purchase decision. Low purchase involvement process Example, suppose if a buyer buys a certain brand of product (e.g., BOH tea) as a matter of habit, this means the drink is a low purchase involvement situation and consumers do not have to evaluate and seek information extensively. This case consumer will simply buy and consume the product and generates a high level of repeating the same purchase of product. Graph above shows low involvement purchase process that takes place. The benefit of low purchase involvement process is BOH tea has become consumers loyal brand for tea consumption products as repeat purchase has been taking place from time to time. However, if the level of purchase is high and the consumer is involved in extensive decision making, consumer will be more likely to face a more elaborated post-purchase evaluation. High Purchase Involvement process This graph shows that there is a post-purchase dissonance where consumer are unable to commit to the decision of choosing the brand that they want and it will create anxiety among consumers as it is difficult to make alternatives choices. In order for consumer to reduce this dissonance, consumer has to make approaches such as to increase the desirability of the brand that they want to purchase and reject the desirability of rejected alternatives and also reject the negative data on brand purchased. If dissonance is not reduce, the anxiety experience may turn into a dissatisfaction and leads to a new problem. That is why high purchase involvement needs extensive research of information to reduce anxiety and increase the confidence level in purchasing the product they want. Consumer will stay loyal to BOH tea because the company is constantly doing research in order to satisfy the future consumer needs . Psychological Core BOH tea Attention Attention is a concept of cognitive psychology that helps us to actively process information present in our environment. Attention is an unconscious process where consumer can automatically scan the features of the environment surrounding them. Attention can be classified into 2 which are voluntary and involuntary. Selective attention is voluntary where relevant information is focused. Involuntary is orientation reflex where something surprising is put in front of a person and allocates the attention towards it. Selective Attention Selective attention is the study of why people pay attention towards things, and how deep is their attention towards things that they focus. Example, being in a classroom, or a busy highway, it is impossible for a person to note everything down. What a person pays attention is actually what they select to pay attention to, thus, selective attention is not entirely conscious. In order to capture the attention of consumer entirely, BOH tea pays attention towards animal and environmental conservation and have won numerous awards. Example, the companys packing facility in Bukit Cheeding has receive the ISO 9002 certification, this can further assured of quality tea every time consumer open up a packet of BOH tea. BOH also won the Super brand Excellence Trophy Award in Food Beverage category in 2004. Orientation reflex Orientation reflex is very important in capturing the attention of consumer. The aim of this involuntary action is to create stimuli that surprise the expectation of consumers. Example, BOH Tea is able to capture the attention of their consumer with their advertisement in television which focuses on family bonding where family members can socialize through a cup of tea. Health benefits offers by BOH tea also has direct their attention towards consumer automatically because they are aware the importance of health Perception Perception is a process that begins with consumer being exposed to information, attended to the information and ending with comprehending the information that is focus on. Perception consists of 5 major elements which is exposure stage, attention stage and comprehension stage. Exposure stage Beginning process of perception process where consumer is exposing to information in the environment that is observed by the human senses. Example, when we are driving on the freeway we are expose towards numerous commercial messages such as bill boards, radio advertisement, bumper- stickers on car, banners on shopping mall and many more . However, exposure towards surrounding is not enough to give a major impact towards consumers. BOH tea attracts consumer by promoting their products in television commercial, newspaper advertisement, BOH tea website, and also campaign. Example, BOH tea has done numerous televisions commercial by targeting the culture of tea regardless of religious or political options and also not to forget the moment of togetherness by the bonding of family members. However, this has allowed zapping and zipping away of television commercial to occur and consumer might miss the television commercial. This mean attention is needed to draw the attention of the people. Attention Stage The matter of degree that consumer pays attention towards something, this stage consumer will allocate processing capacity to a stimulus. Example, if we are driving on a freeway and we are running low on gas, our attention immediately becomes high towards signboards that say how far is the next petrol station, but low when commercial regarding shopping or movies on the billboards. However, our attention towards something can be instantly escalates from high to low when we are in need of something. Example, an advertisement for a product that we are interested is on television programs. In order to capture the attention of consumer, BOH tea has involve in animal and environmental conservation. One of their successful story is when BOH Plantation was the first tea company to be awarded ISO22000 certification , an international standard designed to ensure safe food supply chains worldwide. BOH has also strengthened the leadership of their brand by embarking on numerous marketing campaig ns. Example of a successful campaign the BOH Ummph! campaign, a tagline that is still remembered by young Malaysian right until today. This campaign has brought attention towards consumer as BOH focuses on family values. Interpretation stage The final stage of perception where consumer organize and interprets the information obtain from their environment. BOH tea comes in the mind of consumer when they hear or sees the Ada Ummph! phrase in advertisements. Memory 2 types of memory Short-term memory The decision is instantly made, and if without repetition information will be forgotten. Long-term memory Information that is repeated will be interpret and stored in the long-term memory, information can be use later on as it can be change to short-term memory for making decision. Consumer that remembers BOH tea can purchase it when tea supply is needed at home Purchase and consumption decision Consumer is very clear of the products that benefits or satisfies their need, and purchase process begins when consumer buys the product Nature of perception The graph above shows the nature of perception from exposure until purchase and consumption decision of consumers. Exposure provides opportunity for attention but not guarantee that is seen by consumer. Exposure can be then categorise into 2 element which is selective and voluntary. Selective exposure is where there is vast amount of information given but choices is up to consumers interest, and voluntary exposure is consumer is willing to accept the information as to satisfy purchase goal, and entertainment. Information provided by BOH Plantation may not be consumers interest, but it is their duty to attract consumer to consume their high quality tea. Attention is where the information is selected and focus by consumer and information is send to the sensory system to interpret that data. Interpretation of information begins when consumer allocates the information that is necessity for their purchase goals or objectives , the information is receive from the stimulus of the consumer. The information that is generated is then stored in the memory. Memory has two elements which is short term and long term. Short term memory is where the information is stored for a shorter period of time in order to make a instant decision and is forgotten quickly after that. Long term memory is where the information generated is stored for a longer period of time where consumer can make decision later on in time and does not have to be instant. Finally, the purchase and consumption stage, consumer will decide to buy the product once they have understand the criteria that satisfy their purchase goal . Motivation Motivation refers to an inner drive that reflects the goal of a person, which consist of the urge, wishes, or desire that allow them to strive to achieve the goals and aims that is set. The two motivational theories that is famously known to express the motivation of people are the: Maslows Hierachy of Needs W.J. McGuire psychological motives Maslows hierarchy of need is actually a theory to satisfy the human needs . In order to be at the peak of the hierarchy, a person has to satisfy the lower needs in order to achieve higher needs in the hierarchy. We will now study and go through each stage of Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of needs Basic needs/ Physiological needs Basic needs of human. Example, food, water, sex ,sleep, and also Exercise Safety needs Security, shelter, and normalcy in life Belongingness and love needs A persons affection and acceptance as part of family or group, intimate relationships and also friends Esteem or status Prestige, accomplishment , self respect, and the respect of others. Confident, appreciated and also the need of feel competent is also important Self actulisation The need to realise ones own potential, to achieve dreams and ambitions The next theory is McGuires Hierarchy of Needs, a very detailed set of motives to understand the specific aspects of consumer behavior. This theory consists of 4 major categories with 16 sub-categories which explain the behavior of consumer. The 2 criteria that satisfy the 4 main categories are as follow: Is the mode of motivation cognitive or affective? Is the motive focus on preservation of status or on growth ? Cognitive Preservation Motives Need for Consistency (active, internal) Need for Attribution (active, external) Need to Categorize (passive, internal) Need for Objectification (i.e., cues) (passive, external) Cognitive Growth Motives Need for Autonomy (i.e., Independence) (active, internal) Need for Stimulation (active, external) Teleological Need (i.e., desired outcomes or end states) (passive, internal) Utilitarian Need (i.e., problem solvers) (passive, external) Affective Preservation Motives: Need for Tension Reduction (active, internal) Need for Expression (active, external) Need for Ego Defense (passive, internal) Need for Reinforcement (passive, external) Affective Growth Motives: Need for Assertion (active, internal) Need for Affiliation (active, external) Need for Identification (passive, internal) Need for Modeling (passive, external) Learning Motives Motive arouses individual to respond and engage in learning activity. Goal that are achieved will reduce arousal but will have tendency to occur again. Marketer put product in a way that can satisfy the arousal of consumer Example, when a person is in need for tea consumption (motive) , BOH tea will provide the tea in many form for choices of consumer Reinforcement Tendency of motives to re-occur again in a similar situation. Elements of learning Response Physical activity in reaction towards stimulus, Example, the process of going to retail outlet to purchase tea Cues Provides direction, respond towards motive. Example, tea can be obtain in the retail outlets Cognitive Learning ( Thinking ) This learning process focuses on acquiring knowledge and skill is by mental, which is creating metal presentation of physical object and events in our heads. Individuals learn by listening, watching, touching, reading or experiencing then processing and remembering the information. We can conclude that this kind of learning emphasizes on the role of memory and thinking There are 3 types of learning process : Iconic role learning Interrelationship between two or more concepts without conditioning learning and without reasoning. Vicarious learning Behavior are formed by observing the outcomes of other behavior or imagining the outcome of potential behavior Analytical learning New information are updated when new theories or studies are formed. Behavioral Learning ( Conditioning) Classical conditioning A learning process between environmental stimulus and natural occurring stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus happens automatically, unconditionally and naturally triggers a response, Example, when you smell your favorites food you may immediately feel hungry. Smell of food is unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in respond towards unconditioned stimulus. Example, hungry in response the smell of food. Conditioned stimulus is the neutral stimulus that has no connection with the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned response is learned from the neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning Learning method that occurs through punishment and rewards behavior. Example of operant conditioning can be seen around us, consider employees finishing project with excellent result receives praise or promotions. Reward here increases the behavior.Behavior can also be reducing for example, a student to be told to lose recess privileges if they did not finish their homework. This leads to a decrease in disruptive behavior. Memory Memory consist of 2 component which is Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM) Short term memory Short term memory which also known as working memory is the portion of total memory that is currently in use or activated. Rehearsal of information is needed to ensure it is encode in the long-term memory is the information is important for later usage. If information in short term memory is not repeated it will be lost in 30seconds. Example, if we were to see an advertisement regarding fast food delivery , we will not pay much attention to the advertisement but only remember the number for future usage Long term memory Long term memory has essentially unlimited capacity to store information permanently. Stored information is either semantic or visual. Semantic memory deals with encoding and storage of words , while visual deals with storage of images. Memory here is stored permanently and can be use when needed to make a decision. Rehearsing is important to register something in the long-term memory. Example, if we move to a new house and change our phone number, we ourselves probably have to repeat it until we register the number in our memory storage. Learning process consist of 3 element Schemes It stores facts and generalize information such as verbal information, concepts, rules, principles, and problem solving skills. Information that stored here is simply meaningful and helps consumers to make decision. It is well-establish schemata Scripts A special issue in the memory that is also known as procedures we remember for doing things. Scripts involve a series of sequences in doing something. Example, the manufacturing of tea in the BOH tea plantation to where it is distributed so that consumer can purchase it. In general, it is important for firms to have their brand names incorporated into scripts. Example, consumer reflexively can search for BOH tea in the shops rather than unspecified brand of tea Repositioning Repositioning is an attempt to change the consumers perception of their brand; this is because the existing products position is less attractive towards consumer. Example, a product that has great quality but the price is not affordable has low return in profit to the firms, this means they have to change their strategy to lower the price of their products. Repositioning is a very tough process as large sum of money is needed for advertising and promotion of their products. Attitude Attitude is feeling or affection against a stimulus; it is stored in the long-term memory. The 4 function of attitude consist of Utilitarian function, which is use to obtain reward and avoid punishment, Ego-Defensive function is self-protection, knowledge function is simplifies decision such as brand, and value expression which is express identify towards others. Culture The direct definition from textbook about culture is That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man person as a member of society. From this definition, we can learn several important characteristic of culture such as Culture is comprehensive This means that everything must have a connection in order to create culture. Example, bowing and a strong desire to avoid the loss of face are unified in their manifestation of the important of respect. Boundaries of acceptable behavior Everyone must understand their surrounding before taking action. Example, a person cannot be naked while attending class, the least outfit will be shorts and a T-shirt to wearing suits and tie. However, if a person is to wear a suit in the beach, they will definitely be laugh at . So it is very important to know your environment. Cultural characteristics as a continuum. There is a tendency to stereotype cultures as being one way or another (e.g., individualistic rather than collectivistic). Note, however, countries fall on a continuum of cultural traits. Hofstadters research demonstrates a wide range between the most individualistic and collectivistic countries, for example-some fall in the middle. Subculture Identification with core culture Identification with a subculture Mass market behaviors Unique market behavior Core culture values and norms Subculture values and norms Individuals A subculture is a section of a larger culture whose members shares distinguish values and pattern behavior. Social history and current situation of the groups generates the unique values and pattern of behavior which they practices in their subculture. Subculture members exist from the core culture where they share their unique value the most. Figure above shows to which degree an individual behave in manner of unique dependent to the extend which individuals reach out towards that subculture. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/STP.png Segmentation, targeting, and positioning comprise is a three stage process, this process will helps us in Determine which kind of customer exist Which customer