Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a Psychosis Essay

Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a Psychosis A major part of clinical psychology is the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. This can often be difficult and controversial due to the fact that many of the disorders can be confused with others; there aren’t always clear guidelines in which to follow. An example of this confusion can be seen in the disorders Neurosis and Psychosis. Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). The main reason for this is that both categories were fairly broad and included a number of mental disorders with quite dissimilar symptoms. Consequently, mental health professionals did not always agree on the diagnosis for a particular patient. Neurosis is a functional (Psychogenic) disorder consisting of a symptom or symptoms caused, though usually unknown to the patient, by a mental disorder. The four commonest are Anxiety State, Reactive Depression, Hysteria and Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis. We all know what it is to feel anxious. Anxiety becomes abnormal when it is out of all proportion to the cause, or when it continues long after the cause has been removed. Patients with other mental illnesses often feel anxious from time to time, but the term anxiety neurosis is used to describe the illness in which anxiety is the main feature and the patient feels anxious all the time. Reactive Depression is a form of depression where the cause is known i.e. marriage break-up or bereavement. Reactive depression can be classed as a neurosis as it is an exaggeration of the normal expected response to such situations. In medical language the word Hysteria is used to mean that a symptom is beyond the patients control. If I have to take an examination tomorrow and to get out of it I ring up and say that I cannot attend because I am going to the dentist, I am malingering. I am quite deliberately telling a lie to get out of taking the examination. But if, on the morning of the examination, I wake up with a raging toothache although there is nothing wrong with my tooth, this is hysteria. There is nothing wrong, but the pain is genuine. I am quite truly incapable of sitting the examination. The symptom is out of my conscious control and has become hysterical. Hysterical symptoms always serve to get us out of som... ...ers, neurosis and psychosis, may appear small but they can help in the diagnoses and treatment of patients. It can be very difficult to treat a patient when the cause of their illness is unknown or when the illness itself is difficult to understand. It is for this reason that mental health professionals need to categorise mental disorders as clearly and concisely as possible. The DSM-III dropped the entries of neurosis and psychosis and split them down into subdivisions to try to enable better diagnosis but there is still confusion as to the differences between neurosis and psychosis. There is not only a difference between the two but also a difference in each individual case. Different things effect people in different ways and many people although share the same illness have completely different symptoms. Every case should be looked at individually and treated as such. Instead of looking for the best treatment for neurosis, it would be better to look for the best treatment for an individual. References Introduction to psychology - Atkinson - Hilgard - 1983 The science of mind and behaviour - Gross - 1999 The oxford companion to the mind - Gregory - 1987

Digital Fortress Chapter 31

Susan returned to Node 3. Her conversation with Strathmore had made her increasingly anxious about David's safety. Her imagination was running wild. â€Å"So,† Hale spouted from his terminal. â€Å"What did Strathmore want? A romantic evening alone with his head cryptographer?† Susan ignored the comment and settled in at her terminal. She typed her privacy code and the screen came to life. The tracer program came into view; it still had not returned any information on North Dakota. Damn, Susan thought. What's taking so long? â€Å"You seem uptight,† Hale said innocently. â€Å"Having trouble with your diagnostic?† â€Å"Nothing serious,† she replied. But Susan wasn't so sure. The tracer was overdue. She wondered if maybe she'd made a mistake while writing it. She began scanning the long lines of LIMBO programming on her screen, searching for anything that could be holding things up. Hale observed her smugly. â€Å"Hey, I meant to ask you,† he ventured. â€Å"What do you make of that unbreakable algorithm Ensei Tankado said he was writing?† Susan's stomach did a flip. She looked up. â€Å"Unbreakable algorithm?† She caught herself. â€Å"Oh, yeah†¦ I think I read something about that.† â€Å"Pretty incredible claim.† â€Å"Yeah,† Susan replied, wondering why Hale had suddenly brought it up. â€Å"I don't buy it, though. Everyone knows an unbreakable algorithm is a mathematical impossibility.† Hale smiled. â€Å"Oh, yeah†¦ the Bergofsky Principle.† â€Å"And common sense,† she snapped. â€Å"Who knows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hale sighed dramatically. â€Å"There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"Shakespeare,† Hale offered. â€Å"Hamlet.† â€Å"Read a lot while you were in jail?† Hale chuckled. â€Å"Seriously, Susan, did you ever think that maybe it is possible, that maybe Tankado really did write an unbreakable algorithm?† This conversation was making Susan uneasy. â€Å"Well, we couldn't do it.† â€Å"Maybe Tankado's better than we are.† â€Å"Maybe.† Susan shrugged, feigning disinterest. â€Å"We corresponded for a while,† Hale offered casually. â€Å"Tankado and me. Did you know that?† Susan looked up, attempting to hide her shock. â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Yeah. After I uncovered the Skipjack algorithm, he wrote me-said we were brothers in the global fight for digital privacy.† Susan could barely contain her disbelief. Hale knows Tankado personally! She did her best to look uninterested. Hale went on. â€Å"He congratulated me for proving that Skipjack had a back door-called it a coup for privacy rights of civilians all over the world. You gotta admit, Susan, the backdoor in Skipjack was an underhanded play. Reading the world's E-mail? If you ask me, Strathmore deserved to get caught.† â€Å"Greg,† Susan snapped, fighting her anger, â€Å"that back door was so the NSA could decode E-mail that threatened this nation's security.† â€Å"Oh, really?† Hale sighed innocently. â€Å"And snooping the average citizen was just a lucky by-product?† â€Å"We don't snoop average citizens, and you know it. The FBI can tap telephones, but that doesn't mean they listen to every call that's ever made.† â€Å"If they had the manpower, they would.† Susan ignored the remark. â€Å"Governments should have the right to gather information that threatens the common good.† â€Å"Jesus Christ†-Hale sighed-â€Å"you sound like you've been brainwashed by Strathmore. You know damn well the FBI can't listen in whenever they want-they've got to get a warrant. A spiked encryption standard would mean the NSA could listen in to anyone, anytime, anywhere.† â€Å"You're right-as we should be able to!† Susan's voice was suddenly harsh. â€Å"If you hadn't uncovered the back door in Skipjack, we'd have access to every code we need to break, instead of just what TRANSLTR can handle.† â€Å"If I hadn't found the back door,† Hale argued, â€Å"someone else would have. I saved your asses by uncovering it when I did. Can you imagine the fallout if Skipjack had been in circulation when the news broke?† â€Å"Either way,† Susan shot back, â€Å"now we've got a paranoid EFF who think we put back doors in all our algorithms.† Hale asked smugly, â€Å"Well, don't we?† Susan eyed him coldly. â€Å"Hey,† he said, backing off, â€Å"the point is moot now anyway. You built TRANSLTR. You've got your instant information source. You can read what you want, when you want-no questions asked. You win.† â€Å"Don't you mean we win? Last I heard, you worked for the NSA.† â€Å"Not for long,† Hale chirped. â€Å"Don't make promises.† â€Å"I'm serious. Someday I'm getting out of here.† â€Å"I'll be crushed.† In that moment, Susan found herself wanting to curse Hale for everything that wasn't going right. She wanted to curse him for Digital Fortress, for her troubles with David, for the fact that she wasn't in the Smokys-but none of it was his fault. Hale's only fault was that he was obnoxious. Susan needed to be the bigger person. It was her responsibility as head cryptographer to keep the peace, to educate. Hale was young and naive. Susan looked over at him. It was frustrating, she thought, that Hale had the talent to be an asset in Crypto, but he still hadn't grasped the importance of what the NSA did. â€Å"Greg,† Susan said, her voice quiet and controlled, â€Å"I'm under a lot of pressure today. I just get upset when you talk about the NSA like we're some kind of high-tech peeping Tom. This organization was founded for one purpose-to protect the security of this nation. That may involve shaking a few trees and looking for the bad apples from time to time. I think most citizens would gladly sacrifice some privacy to know that the bad guys can't maneuver unchecked.† Hale said nothing. â€Å"Sooner or later,† Susan argued, â€Å"the people of this nation need to put their trust somewhere. There's a lot of good out there-but there's also a lot of bad mixed in. Someone has to have access to all of it and separate the right from wrong. That's our job. That's our duty. Whether we like it or not, there is a frail gate separating democracy from anarchy. The NSA guards that gate.† Hale nodded thoughtfully. â€Å"Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?† Susan looked puzzled. â€Å"It's Latin,† Hale said. â€Å"From Satires of Juvenal. It means ‘Who will guard the guards?' â€Å" â€Å"I don't get it,† Susan said. † ‘Who will guard the guards?' â€Å" â€Å"Yeah. If we're the guards of society, then who will watch us and make sure that we're not dangerous?† Susan nodded, unsure how to respond. Hale smiled. â€Å"It's how Tankado signed all his letters to me. It was his favorite saying.†

How the Civil Rights Movement Influenced the Womens...

The civil rights movement influenced the women’s liberation movement in four key ways. First, it provided women with a model for success on how a successful movement should organize itself. Second, the civil rights movement broadened the concept of leadership to include women. Third, by fighting for equality, the civil rights movement changed the culture of advocacy and made social justice a legitimate cause. Finally, by eventually excluding women, the civil rights movement spurred women to organize their own movement. Without the civil rights movement, the women’s movement likely would never taken off on its own. The civil rights movement (and the activists involved) gave women a model for success. The method the civil rights movement†¦show more content†¦Black women eventually earned college and graduate degrees and sought full time employment in higher rates than either black men or white women, while maintaining a community service ethic. The civil rights movement broadened the definition of leadership to include women, and left an impression of women as powerful and determined activists. Jo An Robinson and Ella Baker are just two of the many women who were able to take charge and make an impact on the movement. Robinson led the Women’s Political Council, which plotted strategy for a one-day bus boycott in Montgomery following Rosa Parks’ arrest. The Council was able to recruit clergy to lend their churches for mass meetings and was able to tap into a new minister in town, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. to lead the Montgomery Improvement Association, which would coordinate the larger Montgomery Bus Boycotts . It was the women that organized this key moment in the civil rights movement – which was, in fact, spurred by a woman, Rosa Parks, refusing to take her seat in the back of the bus. Ella Baker was similarly key in the Civil Rights movement. 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